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February 24, 1955: Steven Paul Jobs is born in California. He grows up in the area that is to become known as Silicon Valley.
1974: Jobs works as a technician with the video game maker Atari. He saves money and then travels to India to find spiritual enlightenment.
April 1, 1976: Jobs and Steve Wozniak found Apple Computer after working on the design of their first computer in the garage of Jobs' home. They introduce the Apple I.
January 24, 1984: Apple introduces the Macintosh, an all-in-one desktop machine that is widely credited with revolutionizing the personal computer industry.
September 1985: Jobs resigns from Apple following a long-running dispute with other top executives.
1986: Jobs forms a new software company called NeXT, Inc., and buys a computer animation studio from Stars Wars creator George Lucas. The studio, Pixar, makes some of the most popular computer-animated films, including Toy Story, A Bug's Life, Monsters Inc., and Finding Nemo.
1997: NeXT struggles and is bought by Apple. Jobs returns to Apple and eventually to his role as chief executive.
1998: Under Jobs' leadership, Apple introduces its newest personal computer, the iMac, and returns to profitability.
October 2001: Apple introduces the iPod, promoting the personal digital music player as "1,000 songs in your pocket."
April 28, 2003: Apple launches the iTunes Music Store, an online store selling 200,000 songs for 99 cents apiece. The company also introduces an upgraded iPod that is thinner and lighter, and can hold up to 7,500 songs.
August 2004: Jobs is diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and undergoes surgery.
December 2004: iPod sales hit the 10 million mark. The number of songs downloaded from the iTunes store tops 200 million.
October 2005: Apple introduces a new iPod that plays videos in addition to music. The iTunes stores sells one million videos in less than three weeks.
January 2007: Apple introduces the iPhone.
September 2007: Apple introduces the iPod Touch, which uses a touch-screen interface and has wireless networking capabilities.
June 2008: Apple introduces an updated iPhone, capable of running software applications - apps - that are designed by other companies, creating a new industry of phone apps.
July 2008: Apple creates the App Store as the new iPhone 3G goes on sale. More than 10 million apps are downloaded during the store's first few days.
February 2009: Jobs begins a six-month medical leave of absence during which he undergoes a liver transplant.
January 2010: Apple introduces its first touch screen tablet computer, the iPad.
January 2011: Jobs takes a second medical leave of absence but tells Apple employees he will remain involved in major strategic decisions.
March 2011: Jobs appears at an Apple event to introduce the iPad 2. The Financial Times says Apple's stock rises about 2 percent in the minutes after he begins speaking.
August 10, 2011: Apple briefly surpasses oil company ExxonMobil to become the world's most valuable company.
August 24, 2011: Jobs resigns as Apple chief executive. Tim Cook, Apple's chief operating officer, takes over as CEO.
Some information for this report was provided by AP and Reuters.
A New York judge has dismissed sexual assault charges against former International Monetary Fund chief Dominique Strauss-Kahn, one day after prosecutors moved to have the case dropped.
After the dismissal Tuesday, an appeals court rejected his accuser's request for a special prosecutor to continue the criminal case. Protesters gathered outside the courthouse Tuesday, criticizing the move to drop the charges.
The 62-year-old Strauss-Kahn later said the past months have been "a nightmare" for him and his family. In a written statement, he thanked supporters and said he is grateful that the Manhattan district attorney agreed to dismiss the case.
Strauss-Kahn was arrested in May, after a maid alleged he sexually assaulted her when she went to clean his room at a luxury hotel in Manhattan. Guinean-born Nafissatou Diallo accused the former IMF managing director of attacking her at the hotel on May 14. Strauss-Kahn's lawyers denied the allegation and suggested that any sexual encounter was consensual.
Prosecutors filed their request to have the case dismissed, saying the evidence did not prove that Strauss-Kahn engaged in a forced sexual encounter. They expressed concern about the maid's reliability, saying she has not been truthful on "great and small" matters, and that they could not ask a jury to believe her when they no longer believed her themselves.
Diallo's case faltered in late June when prosecutors revealed inconsistencies in her account of what happened. They also disclosed that she had fabricated a story about being raped in her native Guinea for her U.S. asylum application.
Efforts to clarify what happened between Strauss-Kahn and Diallo will likely continue in civil court, where she has sued him. He also faces an investigation in France of another attempted rape accusation.
Before the incident, Strauss-Kahn was a leading contender to challenge French President Nicolas Sarkozy in an election next year. Strauss-Kahn resigned his IMF post after being arrested on the rape allegations, which significantly eroded his support among French voters.
Germans on Saturday .................................. (mark) the 50th anniversary of the rise of the Berlin Wall, which .................................. (divide) Berlin and .................................. (come) to define the Cold War.
The city .................................. (observe) a minute of silence at noon in memory of those who .................................. (die) trying to escape.
Berlin Mayor Klaus Wowereit .................................. (tell) people attending the ceremony that the construction of the wall 50 years ago must be a constant reminder to maintain freedom and democracy.
German President Christian Wulff and Chancellor Angela Merkel also .................................. (attend) the ceremony.
After the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, the victorious World War II allies .................................. (divide) Germany into four zones of occupation. The U.S., French and British sectors .................................. (become) West Germany, while the Soviet sector .................................. (become) communist East Germany.
On August 13, 1961, authorities in the communist East .................................. (order) all crossing points from East Berlin to West Berlin to be sealed off with barbed wire, later reinforced with concrete. The wall .................................. (divide) streets and neighborhoods and .................................. (tear) apart families and friendships. The wall .................................. (design) to keep residents in the east from fleeing to the West. The 161-kilometer wall later .................................. (include) 45,000 cement blocks and dozens of watchtowers.
Historians .................................. (say) 125 people .................................. (die) trying to cross the wall from communist East Berlin, but some experts .................................. (say) the death toll .................................. (be) much higher. East German border guards .................................. (have) orders to shoot to kill anyone they ............................................. (spot) trying to escape.
In June of 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan .................................. (deliver) a speech in Berlin in which he .................................. (challenge) then-Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down this wall."
In November 1989, East German residents and the government in the communist state .................................. (bring) down the wall. East and West Germany .................................. (reunite) October 3, 1990.
Some information for this report was provided by AP, AFP and Reuters.
Q. Virtual meetings have become a staple of business life, whether conducted by phone or video. What are the biggest differences between a virtual meeting and one that is face-to-face?
A. Teleconferences and videoconferences offer a relatively inexpensive way to meet with colleagues from around the country or the world, but they also present special challenges.
When you aren’t in the same room with other people, you lose important nonverbal cues that register unease, confusion, agreement or disagreement. That makes it easier to miscommunicate, says Sean O’Brien, senior vice president for strategy and communications at PGi, which provides technology platforms for virtual meetings.
Participants in virtual meetings often feel a lowered sense of accountability, Mr. O’Brien says. “In face-to-face meetings people really show up, not just physically but also mentally. They come to the meeting prepared and actively participate,” he says. In virtual meetings — including the telepresence variety, where images are highly realistic — that’s often not the case.
Q. During a teleconference, no one can see you, so it’s common for attendees to hit the mute button and do other things while listening. Should you?
A. People sometimes do things in a virtual meeting that they’d never do in person, like checking sports scores or having side conversations. “I’ve seen people at a videoconference grooming themselves on camera,” says Laura Stack, C.E.O. of the Productivity Pro, a management consulting firm, and author of “SuperCompetent: The Six Keys to Perform at Your Productive Best.”
But if you are at a virtual meeting only to listen, some multitasking is fine, says Bob Preston, chief collaboration officer at Polycom, a telepresence, video and voice communications company in Pleasanton, Calif.
Generally, though, it’s better not to do other things while you’re in a virtual meeting, because you could miss important information. And use the mute button to block background noise. Mr. Preston recalled a teleconference in which someone was eating a bag of potato chips. “You could hear it rustling during the meeting, and finally someone said: ‘Whoever is eating the potato chips, could you please mute?’ That’s embarrassing.”
The mute button is also important if you use a headset. “I’ve had meetings where someone went into the bathroom and forgot their headset was on,” Mr. O’Brien says.
Q. Often in teleconferences and videoconferences, there is a slight voice delay, causing people to talk over one another. How can you make sure you are heard without being rude?
A. If you want to cut into the discussion during a teleconference, you need to prompt the group first, so say something like “Excuse me” or “Question” and then wait a couple of seconds before continuing, says Mr. Preston.
In a videoconference, the speaker will be the biggest image on your screen, but there is usually a smaller window where you can see everyone else, so prompt the group by raising your hand, or by raising your hand and saying, “I have a point I’d like to make,” says Stephen Epstein, chief marketing officer at Avistar Communications, a video communications software company.
Q. What should you wear — and avoid wearing — to a videoconference?
A. Avoid stripes. They don’t transmit well on camera and can be mistaken for movement, causing the camera to keep refreshing itself, says Susan Colaric, director of instructional technology at Saint Leo University in Florida. Stay away from large, shiny jewelry, too, because it picks up glare.
“Wear solid colors with noticeable accents and dress for your audience,” she says. “For instance, in academia, ties are rare, but in law firms, they aren’t.”
Q. If you are a presenter at a virtual meeting, how should your presentation differ from that in a face-to-face meeting?
A. Virtual presentations should be shorter because it’s easier to lose people’s attention. Mr. Preston suggests pausing periodically to check in with your audience. “If you notice people tuning out, looking around or fidgeting, address them,” he advises. For example, he suggests, say: “Debbie, you look a little puzzled. Can I clarify?”
Q. What’s the best way to stand out in a virtual meeting?
A. Be prepared and actively engaged, asking questions and offering opinions and answers. Especially in teleconferences, there is a tendency to wait for someone else to speak first, says Ms. Stack. “Don’t worry about being the first one,” she says.
Look into the camera when you speak and use the same kind of body language and facial expressions as in a face-to-face meeting, Mr. O’Brien says. “Sometimes in virtual meetings there is a lot of passive engagement, where people hit the mute button and disappear,” he says. “That’s definitely not the way to stand out.”